Principles of biology
Basic attributes of living systems
Biological disciplines, biotechnology, biomedicine, main branches of medicine
Biological terminology
Key discoveries in biology and medicine
Chemical elements and molecules of living systems
Basic metabolic pathways
Molecular genetics
Central dogma of molecular biology
Structure and function of nucleic acids and proteins
DNA replication, transcription, translation and genetic code
Genome, chromosome, and gene structure
Mutations and their consequences
Basic molecular genetic methods
Cell biology
Structure and organization of cells (prokaryotic, eukaryotic, plant, animal)
Origin, structure, and function of mitochondria
Origin, structure, and function of chloroplasts, photosynthesis
Structure and function of ribosomes
Nucleus and chromatin, human karyotype
Cell cycle, mitosis, their regulation and errors
Meiosis, crossing over, oogenesis and spermatogenesis, gametes, fertilization
Genetics
Genotype and phenotype
Mendel laws and Mendelian and non-Mendelian modes of inheritance
Gene linkage and gene interactions
Population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Clinical genetics, genetic counselling and prevention of genetic disorders, prenatal examination
Medically important autosomal recessive, dominant, sex-linked and multifactorial traits
Medically important chromosomal abnormalities
Germline and somatic genetic defects in cancer
Virology, bacteriology, protistology, zoology, botany, and mycology
Classification, basic characteristics, structure and reproduction of viruses
Retroviruses and reverse transcription
Viral diseases
Viroids, prions and associated diseases
Eubacteria and Archea, their reproduction and importance
Bacterial infections and their therapy
Protists, their taxonomy and classification
Parasitic protists and associated diseases
Taxonomy and evolution of animals
Classification, reproduction, ontogenesis and body structure of invertebrates
Parasitic invertebrates (helmints, arthropods), their life cycle and associated diseases
Classification, reproduction, ontogenesis and body structure of chordates
Taxonomy, evolution and reproduction of plants and fungi
Medically important fungi (parasitic, producing antibiotics or toxic compounds)
Basic human biology
Basic anatomy and physiology of the human body, tissues and organ systems
Skeleton, structure and development of bones, disorders of the musculoskeletal system
Most important muscles and the mechanism of muscular contraction
Basic components and function of blood, blood groups and transfusion
Heart and circulatory system, blood vessels, blood pressure, heart rate, cardiovascular diseases
Immunity, lymphatic system, antibodies, vaccination and transplantation, disorders of the immune system
Respiration, respiratory system and its disorders
Digestive system and basic nutrients, vitamins, their sources and importance, eating disorders, obesity
Excretion, urinary system, production and composition of urine, diseases of the urinary system
Skin, its structure and importance, skin diseases
Central and peripheral nervous system, its anatomy and function, sensory organs and receptors
Disorders and injuries of the nervous system, stress, psychiatric diseases, addiction
Exocrine and endocrine glands, endocrine system and its disorders, hormones
Reproductive system and human reproduction, embryogenesis, organogenesis, prenatal care, inborn defects
Disorders of human reproduction, assisted reproduction, sexually transmitted diseases
Cancer, its origin, carcinogens, cancer prevention
Evolution
Evolutionary theories, Darwin’s concept of evolution, neodarwinism, selfish gene theory
Evolutionary factors: variability, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow
Origin of life, prebiotic evolution, evolution of cellular organisms, fossils
Evolution of Homo sapiens, its ancestors and related species
Ecology
Biotic and abiotic factors, population, community, ecosystem, biome, species diversity
Food web, food chain, producers, consumers, decomposers
Interspecific and intraspecific relationships
Toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic factors of the human environment, genotoxicity testing
Global environmental issues and environmental protection